We follow most of the settings in Uni-Perceiver [93]: cross-entropy loss with label smoothing of 0.1 is adopted for all tasks, and the negative samples for retrieval tasks are only from the local batch in the current GPU. We also apply the same data augmentation techniques as Uni-Perceiver [93] to image and video modalities to avoid overfitting. There are some setting changes to improve the training stability of the original Uni-Perceiver. Following [102], a uniform drop rate for stochastic depth is used across all encoder layers and are adapted according to the model size. Additionally, LayerScale [101] is used to facilitate the convergence of Transformer training, and the same initialization of10 3 is set to all models for simplicity.

Table 6: Uni-Perceiver model variants used in this paper. Uni-Perceiver-B and Uni-Perceiver-L have the same architectures as their corresponding ViT variants, respectively. There are some setting changes to improve the training stability of the original Uni-Perceiver. The loss weights are adjusted to meet reasonable optimizations for all tasks by observing the early training losses through short-epoch experiments. Based on the above settings, we can train Uni-Perceiver more efficiently.

Image-text training like CLIP has dominated the pretraining of vision foundation models in recent years. Subsequent efforts have been made to introduce region-level visual learning into CLIP's pretraining but face scalability challenges due to the lack of large-scale region-level datasets. Drawing inspiration from supervised fine-tuning (SFT) in natural language processing such as instruction tuning, we explore the potential of fine-grained SFT in enhancing the generation of vision foundation models after their pretraining. Thus a two-stage method ViSFT (Vision SFT) is proposed to unleash the fine-grained knowledge of vision foundation models. In ViSFT, the vision foundation model is enhanced by performing visual joint learning on some in-domain tasks and then tested on out-of-domain benchmarks. With updating using ViSFT on 8 V100 GPUs in less than 2 days, a vision transformer with over 4.4B parameters shows improvements across various out-of-domain benchmarks including vision and vision-linguistic scenarios.

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